ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื

ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื. 

ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™. ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืขื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช, ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืขื ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. 

ื“"ืจ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืœื™ื“ื”, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. 

ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื“"ืจ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช.  ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืืกื˜ืžื”, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื“ื” ืงืฉื”

ื“"ืจ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.


ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”?

ื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืขื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืื• ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื "ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”" ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืง ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืกืคืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•.


ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“?

ืื ื ื’ืจืžื• ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” -- ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™, ื”ืžืชื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“. ื–ื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข, ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช -- ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ืฆืžื— ืขื ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื.


ื”ืื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื”?

ื›ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง/ื™ืœื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉ, ื”ืื ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืžื•ื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืจืืฉ ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื•ืงื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืื—ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื™ื“, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ืจืขืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืื–ื ื•, ื”ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืจืืฉ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื -- ืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง, ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ืจืืฉ, ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืืกื•ืจ "ืœื‘ื˜ืœ" ื‘ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ.


ื”ืื ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“?

 ื›ืŸ -- ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืช ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉื“ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืœื—ื•ืœื™. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื ื›ืชืฃ ืื—ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,  ืื ื”ืื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™, ืื ื”ืื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื - ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืื• ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ืงืฆืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืจืืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืื– ืฉืžืืœื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ืช. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.


ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”?

ื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื. ืื•ืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœืœื ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื 20 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ. ื‘ 24 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœ45 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื—ื•ืกื™ ืจืš ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 6 ื‘ืขืจืš. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”. ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืžืื“ ืœื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชื™ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื–ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื. 


ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื‘ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื” ื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืจืžืช ืจืืฉ, ื–ื—ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช -- ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆื‘ ืคืชื™ืจืชืŸ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ, ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื•ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ืงื•ืฃ. ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืงืžืช, ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื”, ืžืชื— ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืงื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืขื•ื“. 


ื”ืื ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื™ื ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?

ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืข"ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืื• ื ืงื™ืขื” (ืชืช ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉื“ืจืชื™) ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ( ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื). ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืžื ืข ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ืœืงื•ืช, ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช, ืืกื˜ืžื” ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืžื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ?

ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืจืš ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื” ืงืœื” ืขื ื”ื–ืจืช ืื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.


ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื?

ืœื -- ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœื ื’ื•ืจื ื ื–ืง. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื’ื•ืจื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืจืš ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ืœื—ืฅ ืงืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืขื ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœื“ื’ื“ื’ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื•. ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืื‘. ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช. ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืชื— ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื.


ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข?

ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื (ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื’ืกื”) ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื (ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”) ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืžืชื–ื•ื–ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ. ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื ืชืงื™ื ื” ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื—. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœื–ืจื™ืžื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช --  ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื” (ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื), ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืข"ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™.


ืžืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช?

ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื–ืงื” ืžื•ื ืขืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ืืงื˜ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืืš ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“? ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืืœื• ืœืชืงื ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“.


ื”ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื•ืžื“ื•ืข?

ืœื—ืฅ, ืžืชื—, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš 60 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื”. ืขื“ ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื—ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.

ื‘ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืžืฉืš - ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ื“ืช "ื‘ืจื™ืฅ'"(ืขื›ื•ื–) ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืžื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.  

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœื™ืš ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืžืœืงื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืขื“ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืื– ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 40 ืœ 54 ืง"ื’. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• 40 ืง"ื’ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ. ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ 54 ืง"ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืœืงื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ 40 ืง"ื’ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. (1)

ื“"ืจ ืืจืชื•ืจ ื’'ื ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•: "ื’ื ื›ืฉื ื–ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืžื˜ ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืชืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืชื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื - ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืคืจื– ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื™ืš ืœื™ื“ื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช." (2)


ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” - ื ื–ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”

ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื›ืฉืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”. ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื•ื—ืฅ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจืง ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกื ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.  ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืžืกืžื ืืช ื”ืื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื›ืขืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื•ืคื™ืข, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืฃ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืชื— ืขืฆื•ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™. ืžืชื— ื–ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.  ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™-ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.


ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ - ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“

ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืชืžื›ืช ืข"ื™ ื“"ืจ ืจ. ืค. ืืœื ื“ื™ ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ "ืฉื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืงืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื”, ืข"ื™ "ื—ื ื™ืงื”" ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื..." (3). ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื’ื ืข"ื™ ื“"ืจ ื’. ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืืœ ืžื“ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื ืชืช ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉื“ืจืชื™ ื•ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืœืก (ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ). ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ืžื ื•ืืœ ืžื“ื™ืกื™ืŸ": "ืžืกืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืกืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืช-ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืœืก ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื“ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื“ืœืงื•ืช - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ืืฃ ื•ื’ืจื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืชืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืจื." (1,4)


ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” - ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช?

 ื“"ืจ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืงืืœืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืคืชื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ. "ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™-ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžืกืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื•. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ื–ื” (ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—) ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช." (5)

ื“"ืจ ืฆ'ื ื’-ื”ื ืกื•, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื•-ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžืืจื”"ื‘ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืชืช ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ืกืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื’ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. (6)

ื“"ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™"ืก ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืจื“, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืœื™ื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขืจื™ืกื” ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื ื–ืง ื”ื ื’ืจื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ: "ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืื•ืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื‘ืจื™ืฅ'" ืื• ืžืœืงื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื“ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื•ื•ืช ืขืจื™ืกื”". ื“"ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—   ื‘-1964 ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืชืช ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉื“ืจืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืื™-ืชืคืงื•ื“, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. (1) ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืื•ืžืจ ื“"ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ 430 ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—. ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืจื™ืกื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ (ืกืจื‘ืจืœ ืคืœืกื™), ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœื™, ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื–ืง ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืœื™ื“ื”. (1,9)  

 ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืช ื ืงื™ืขื” ืฉื“ืจืชื™.(7) ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื“"ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืื• ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—. ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ืคื“ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ืื™ืฉืจ ื‘-1982 "ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”) ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. (8)


ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข?

 ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ -- ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” (ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขืจื™ืกื”), ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” (ืืกื˜ืžื”), ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ,  ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–,  ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื‘ื›ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ื™, ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช -- ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืœืฆื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœื ืžื–ื™ื– ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื’ืข, ื›ืฉืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืœืก (ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”) ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืจื•ืช. ื“"ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ "ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื”ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช". ื“"ืจ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื“ืง 1,250 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืœืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” "211 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืงืื•ืช, ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ื™ื, ืื™ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื‘- % 95 ืžื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชื— ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ. ื ืงื™ืขื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•. ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืข"ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™, ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื" (10)

ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ( ืกืคืจื• ืœื™ ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืงืœื”...) ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ืจ.


ืžื” ื–ื• ืขืงืžืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื? ืื™ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืขืงืžืช? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”?

ืืกืคืงืช ืžืกืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ื™ืฉืจ. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืœืžืกืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ืคืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืชื•ืขื“ ืฉืขืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืื• ื ืคื™ืœื”. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื’ื•ืฃ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจืขืœื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื“ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืขืงืžื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืชืคืจืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืงืžืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“. ื‘ื“"ื› ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืœืงื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืœื ืžืจืขื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื•.